n 1974, Erd\H{o}s and Rothchild conjectured that the complete bipartite graph has the maximum number of two-edge-colorings without monochromatic triangles over all n-vertex graphs. Since then, a new class of colored extremal problems has been extensively studied by many researchers on various discrete structures, such as graphs, hypergraphs, Boolean lattices and sets. In this talk, I will first give an overview of some previous results on this topic. The second half of this talk is to explore the rainbow variants of the Erd\H{o}s-Rothschild problem. With Jozsef Balogh, we confirm conjectures of Benevides, Hoppen and Sampaio, and Hoppen, Lefmann, and Odermann, and complete the characterization of the extremal graphs for the edge-colorings without rainbow triangles. Next, we study a similar question on sum-free sets, where we describe the extremal configurations for integer colorings with forbidden rainbow sums. The latter is joint work with Yangyang Cheng, Yifan Jing, Wenling Zhou and Guanghui Wang.